Non tamen est eadem secundum formalem rationem quam respicit iustitia, quod est esse suum alicuius. Habet tamen aliquam similitudinem restitutionis, quia res materialiter est eadem. Et ideo magis videtur esse nova donatio quam restitutio cum quis alteri reddit quod ei non debet. Hence restitution is an act of commutative justice, occasioned by one person having what belongs to another, either with his consent, for instance on loan or deposit, or against his will, as in robbery or theft.Īd primum ergo dicendum quod illud quod alteri non debetur non est, proprie loquendo, eius, etsi aliquando eius fuerit. I answer that, To restore is seemingly the same as to reinstate a person in the possession or dominion of his thing, so that in restitution we consider the equality of justice attending the payment of one thing for another, and this belongs to commutative justice. Et ideo restitutio est actus commutativae iustitiae, quando scilicet res unius ab alio habetur, vel per voluntatem eius, sicut in mutuo vel deposito vel contra voluntatem eius, sicut in rapina vel furto. Et ita in restitutione attenditur aequalitas iustitiae secundum recompensationem rei ad rem, quae pertinet ad iustitiam commutativam. Respondeo dicendum quod restituere nihil aliud esse videtur quam iterato aliquem statuere in possessionem vel dominium rei suae. Therefore to restore it is an act of that justice which directs commutations. Now it is an act of commutative injustice to take away what belongs to another. On the contrary, Restitution is opposed to taking away. Ergo restitutio eius est actus iustitiae quae est in commutationibus directiva. Sed ablatio rei alienae est actus iniustitiae circa commutationes. Sed contra, restitutio ablationi opponitur. Therefore restitution is not more an act of commutative than of distributive justice. Now something may be taken away from a man not only in commutation, but also in distribution, as when, in distributing, one gives a man less than his due. Objection 3: Further, restitution is repayment of something taken away. Ergo restitutio non magis est actus commutativae iustitiae quam distributivae. Sed aliquid potest homini subtrahi non solum in commutatione, sed etiam in distributione, puta cum aliquis distribuens minus dat alicui quam debeat habere. Praeterea, restitutio est quasi quaedam recompensatio eius quod subtractum est. Therefore restitution would not seem to be the act of a part of justice. Now justice and injustice are about certain actions and passions, which are unenduring and transitory. Objection 2: Further, that which has passed away and is no more cannot be restored. Ergo restitutio non videtur esse actus alicuius partis iustitiae. Sed iustitia et iniustitia sunt circa quasdam actiones et passiones, quae non manent, sed transeunt. Praeterea, illud quod iam transiit et non est, restitui non potest. Therefore restitution is not the act of any part of justice. Now one may restore, even as one may give, that which is not due. For justice regards the notion of what is due. Objection 1: It would seem that restitution is not an act of commutative justice. Ergo restitutio non est actus alicuius partis iustitiae. Sed sicut donatio potest esse eius quod non debetur, ita etiam et restitutio. Videtur quod restitutio non sit actus iustitiae commutativae. Whether restitution is an act of commutative justice?Īd primum sic proceditur. (8) Whether one is bound to restore at once? (7) Whether any other person is bound to restitution? (6) Whether the person who has taken something away is bound to restore it?
Sexto, utrum oporteat restituere eum qui accepit. (5) Whether it is necessary to make restitution to the person from whom something has been taken? Quinto, utrum oporteat restitui ei a quo acceptum est. (4) Whether it is necessary to restore what one has not taken away? Quarto, utrum oporteat restitui id quod quis non accepit. (3) Whether it is necessary to restore more than has been taken away? Tertio, utrum oporteat multiplicatum illud restituere. (2) Whether it is always of necessity for salvation to restore what one has taken away? Secundo, utrum necesse sit ad salutem omne ablatum restitui. We must now consider restitution, under which head there are eight points of inquiry: edition, 1947)įathers of the English Dominican Provinceĭeinde considerandum est de restitutione. Thomas Aquinas The Summa Theologica (Benziger Bros.
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